India's Engagement with International Organizations

🇮🇳 INDIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)

🔹 Formation & Membership

• UN Charter signed: 26 June 1945, San Francisco.
• UN established: 24 October 1945.
• Coined by: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• India was a founding member in 1945 (before independence).

🔹 India-Related UNSC Resolutions

Year	Resolution No.	Purpose
1947	38	Called upon India & Pakistan to avoid escalating Kashmir situation.
1948	39, 47, 51	Formation of UNCIP; Oversight on Kashmir plebiscite.
1957	123, 126	UNSC urged peaceful resolution; visit of UNSC President to the region.
1998	1172	Condemned Pokhran-II & Chagai-I/II nuclear tests.

🔹 India and UN Peacekeeping

• 2nd largest troop contributor to UN Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO).
• Coined term: Dag Hammarskjöld.

Major Missions (Selected):

• Past: Korea, Indo-China, Middle East, Congo, Cambodia, Rwanda, Angola.
• Ongoing: Lebanon, Congo, Sudan/South Sudan, Golan Heights, Haiti, Liberia.

🔹 India and UNSC Presidency

• Chapter V of UN Charter defines UNSC structure.
• 15 members: 5 permanent (P5: US, UK, Russia, China, France) + 10 non-permanent.
• India served as non-permanent member 8 times; latest in 2021–22.

🔹 India and UNSC Reforms

• Part of G4 Nations (India, Germany, Japan, Brazil) pushing for UNSC reform and permanent seat expansion.

🇮🇳 INDIA AND ASEAN

🔹 ASEAN Overview

• Formed: 1967
• HQ: Jakarta, Indonesia
• Members: 10 Southeast Asian nations.

🔹 Timeline of India-ASEAN Relations

Year	Event
1992	Sectoral Dialogue Partner
1994	PM Rao launches “Look East Policy” in Singapore
1996	Becomes ASEAN Regional Forum member
2002	ASEAN Summit level partner
2003	Signs Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC)
2005	Joins East Asia Summit (EAS)
2014	Modi launches "Act East Policy"

🔹 Trade Agreements

• 2003: ASEAN-India CECA (Goods, Services, Investment)
• 2006: Early Harvest Scheme with Thailand
• 2010: CECA with Singapore
• 2011: CECA with Malaysia

🔹 Dialogues & Engagements

• Delhi Dialogue: Track 1.5 diplomacy
• AEM-India Consultations, ASEAN-India Business Council
• EAS Members: 10 ASEAN + India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, NZ, US, Russia

🇮🇳 INDIA AND SAARC

🔹 SAARC Overview

• Formed: 1985 (Dhaka Charter)
• HQ: Kathmandu, Nepal
• Members: 8 (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Afghanistan)
• Afghanistan joined in 2007.

🔹 SAARC Observers

• Australia, China, EU, Iran, Japan, South Korea, USA, Mauritius, Myanmar

🔹 India-Specific Contributions

• Hosted 3 summits: 1986 (2nd), 1995 (8th), 2007 (14th)
• Launched:
  • South Asian University (SAU) – New Delhi (2008)
  • South Asian Satellite – 2017
  • National Knowledge Network (NKN) to SL, Bhutan, Bangladesh
  • COVID-19 Emergency Fund & COINEX platform

🇮🇳 INDIA AND SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION (SCO)

🔹 SCO Overview

• Founded: 2001 (evolved from Shanghai Five)
• Charter signed: 2002; came into force: 2003
• Languages: Russian and Chinese

🔹 Members (8) + New Entrant

• Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan
• Iran to join as 9th member in 2023

🔹 India’s Role

• Joined SCO in 2017 (Astana Summit)
• Chaired SCO in 2023

🇮🇳 INDIA AND AFRICAN UNION (AU)

🔹 AU Overview

• Comprises 55 African States
• Origins: Sirte Declaration, 1999
• Founded: 2001, Addis Ababa
• Launched: 2002, Durban Summit

🔹 India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS)

• 2008: 1st India-Africa Forum Summit held.
• India-Africa engagement focuses on capacity building, education, infrastructure, and health cooperation.

India's Engagement with Global Groupings

🌍 INDIA–GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)

About GCC:

• Formed: 1981
• HQ: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE

India-Gulf Relations – Why Important?

• Energy Security – Oil & gas trade.
• Indian Diaspora – Millions of workers send huge remittances.

Key Developments:

• India-UAE CEPA:
  • Signed: Feb 2022
  • In force: 1 May 2022
• Top Trading Partners (2021-22):
  • UAE: 3rd
  • Saudi Arabia: 4th
  • Iraq: 5th

🌐 INDIA–BRICS

What is BRICS?

• Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
• Initially BRIC, SA joined in 2010

Timeline:

• 2001 – Term “BRIC” coined by Jim O’Neil
• 2006 – BRIC formalised
• 2009 – 1st Summit at Yekaterinburg, Russia
• 2010 – South Africa joins
• 2011 – Sanya Summit (China)
• 2012 – 4th Summit hosted by India (New Delhi)
• 2013 – Durban Summit
• 2014 – Fortaleza Declaration, NDB formed
• 2015 – Ufa Summit
• 2018 – Johannesburg Summit
• 2020 – Beijing Virtual Summit

🔳 INDIA–QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)

Members:

• India, Japan, USA, Australia

Timeline:

• 2004 – Tsunami Core Group forms informal cooperation
• 2007 – Abe’s “Confluence of Two Seas” speech; QUAD 1.0 begins
• 2008 – Australia withdraws
• 2012 – Abe revives idea as “Democratic Security Diamond”
• 2017 – QUAD 2.0 revived at Manila EAS
• 2019 – First Ministerial Meeting
• 2021 – First in-person QUAD Summit (Washington)
• 2022 – Second in-person Summit (Tokyo)

Key Focus Areas:

• Vaccine Partnership
• Emerging Tech & Semiconductors
• Cybersecurity & Maritime Cooperation
• Space
• IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) – Launched May 23, 2022

🌊 INDIA–IOR (Indian Ocean Region)

Key Concepts:

• SAGAR – Security and Growth for All in the Region
  • Announced by PM Modi in 2015
  • Focus on India as Net Security Provider
• IPOI – Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative
  • Announced: 2019 East Asia Summit
  • Focus: Maritime security, capacity building, disaster risk reduction, science-tech cooperation
• SAGAR Panchayat:
  • Coined by C Uday Bhaskar, 2020 (Hindustan Times)
  • India should lead Indo-Pacific nations to uphold rule of law at sea
• Extended Neighbourhood Doctrine:
  • Articulated in 2004
  • Covers: Suez Canal to South China Sea – West Asia, Gulf, Central Asia, SE Asia, Asia-Pacific, IOR

🕊️ INDIA–NAM (Non-Aligned Movement)

Concept Origin:

• 1815 – Switzerland’s neutrality recognised at Congress of Vienna
• 1953 – Term “Non-Alignment” coined by V.K. Krishna Menon

Founding:

• 1955 – Shaped at Bandung Conference, Indonesia
• 1961 – 1st NAM Summit in Belgrade
• Attended by 29 Afro-Asian nations

Founding Leaders:

• Nehru (India)
• Nasser (Egypt)
• Tito (Yugoslavia)
• Nkrumah (Ghana)
• Sukarno (Indonesia)

Havana Declaration (1979):

• Objective: Uphold sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity against imperialism, colonialism, racism, etc.

Criteria for NAM Membership:

• Independent foreign policy.
• Support anti-colonial movements.
• No multilateral military alliances.
• No bilateral pacts with great powers in conflict contexts.
• No foreign military bases unless not tied to power rivalry.