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🌐 Multipolar World Overview
Definition: Power is distributed among multiple nations and entities (e.g., regional powers, corporations, terrorist networks).
Implications: Greater interdependence, complex diplomacy, multi-level governance.
India’s Challenge: Balance interests while engaging with diverse global powers.
🇪🇺 India–European Union (EU) Relations
- Started: 1960s; formalized in 1994 Cooperation Agreement.
- Strategic Partnership: Initiated in 2004 (The Hague Summit).
- Key Areas: Trade, climate change, technology, security, education.
- Trade: ~$116 billion (2021–22).
- BTIA: Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (negotiations since 2007).
- Horizon 2020: EU research collaboration.
Key Agreements/Summits:
- 2001: Science & Tech Agreement
- 2004: Customs Cooperation
- 2006: MoU on Employment
- 2008: Civil Aviation Agreement
- 2012–13: MoUs on Energy, Statistics, Competition
- 2017: Investment Facilitation Mechanism
🌍 India and BRICS
- Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
- Founded: 2009 (South Africa joined in 2010).
- Collective Power: 40% of world population, 25% of global GDP.
- Key Institutions:
- New Development Bank (NDB) – Fortaleza, 2014.
- Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) – 2013.
- BRICS Think Tank & Business Council.
Themes/Summits Highlights:
- 2016 (India): BRICS–BIMSTEC Joint Summit.
- 2021 (India): BRICS@15 – Intra-BRICS Cooperation.
- 2022 (China): High-quality BRICS Partnership.
🇮🇳–🌏 India and ASEAN
- ASEAN Members: 10 SE Asian countries.
- Founded: 1967 via Bangkok Declaration.
- Motto: One Vision, One Identity, One Community.
- India’s Policies:
- Look East Policy → Act East Policy (2014).
- Strategic Partnership: Since 2012.
- Trade Pact: FTA signed in 2009, effective 2010.
- Service & Investment Agreement: In force since 2015.
Engagement Forums:
- ASEM, EAS, ARF, ADMM+, EAMF
🏔️ India and SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)
- Members: India, China, Russia, Pakistan + Central Asian countries.
- Founded: 2001 (India joined in 2017, Astana Summit).
- Key Purpose: Regional security, anti-terrorism, economic cooperation.
- Counter-Terror Body: RATS (Regional Anti-Terror Structure).
- India’s Interest:
- Connect to Eurasia.
- INSTC for trade to Europe.
- Counter terrorism/radicalism.
- Diplomacy with China & Pakistan.
- Dilemma: SCO ties vs QUAD alignment—India must balance both.