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INDIA–PAKISTAN RELATIONS: KEY EVENTS & AGREEMENTS
- 1947 – Partition & Junagadh Dispute
- Partition of India: Creation of two dominions; mass migration and communal violence.
- Junagadh Dispute: Annexed by India on 9th Nov 1947 by order of Sardar Patel.
- 1947–1948 – 1st India-Pak War (Kashmir)
- Trigger: Accession of J&K to India.
- Result: India controls 2/3rd, Pakistan 1/3rd.
- Issue referred to UNSC, leading to Resolution 47 and formation of UNCIP.
- 1950 – Liaqat–Nehru Pact
- Purpose: Protection of minorities in both nations post-Partition.
- 1958 – Nehru–Noon Agreement
- Context: Berubari Union Issue.
- Supreme Court intervenes (Berubari Case): Parliament can’t cede territory without constitutional amendment.
- 1960 – Indus Waters Treaty
- Signed by Nehru and Ayub Khan.
- India: Ravi, Beas, Sutlej; Pakistan: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab.
- Mediated by the World Bank.
- 1965 – 2nd India-Pak War
- Trigger: Operation Gibraltar & Grand Slam by Pakistan.
- India responds with offensive to Lahore.
- PM Shastri’s slogan: “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”.
- Ended with Tashkent Agreement (1966), mediated by USSR (Kosygin).
- 1971 – 3rd India-Pak War & Bangladesh Liberation
- Trigger: Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan.
- India supports Mukti Bahini & Awami League.
- Result: Creation of Bangladesh.
- War ends with Simla Agreement (1972):
- UN Charter to guide relations.
- Ceasefire Line becomes LoC.
- Commitment to bilateralism.
- 1986 – Operation Brasstacks
- Major Indian military exercise in Rajasthan.
- Created tension; tested Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence strategy.
- 1988 – Nuclear Non-Aggression Pact
- Signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Benazir Bhutto.
- 1998 – Nuclear Tests
- India: Pokhran-II (May 11–13) – Operation Shakti.
- Pakistan: Chagai-I & II (May 28 & 30).
- Result: Nuclearisation of South Asia.
- Led to sanctions by the USA.
- 1998 – Composite Dialogue Process Begins
- 8-point agenda including: Kashmir, Siachen, Terrorism, Trade, Sir Creek etc.
- 1999 – Delhi–Lahore Bus Diplomacy & Lahore Declaration
- Confidence-building measure by Vajpayee–Sharif.
- Pledged to avoid nuclear arms race.
- Followed by Kargil War (May–July 1999):
- India: Operation Vijay, Safed Sagar, Talwar.
- 2001 – Agra Summit Fails
- Vajpayee–Musharraf meet, but Kashmir vs Terrorism deadlock persists.
- 2001 – Parliament Attack (Dec 13)
- India responds with Operation Parikrama.
- Military standoff; composite dialogue paused.
- 2003 – India’s Nuclear Doctrine
- Passed by Cabinet Committee on Security.
- Principles:
- No First Use (NFU).
- Credible Minimum Deterrence.
- 2005 – Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus Service
- Another CBM under PM Manmohan Singh.
- 2006–2008 – Series of Terrorist Attacks
- 2006: Mumbai train blasts.
- 2007: Samjhauta Express bombing.
- 2008: 26/11 Mumbai attacks – composite dialogue derailed.
- 2015–2016 – Terrorism Resurfaces
- Attacks in:
- Gurdaspur (2015)
- Udhampur (2015)
- Pathankot Airbase (2016)
- Uri Army Camp (Sep 18, 2016)
- Attacks in:
- 2016 – Uri Surgical Strikes
- Sep 29: Precision operation by Indian Army across LoC.
- Strategic shift in India’s counter-terror posture.
- 2017 – Kulbhushan Jadhav Case
- Arrested by Pakistan.
- India approached ICJ, which stayed his execution (May 28).
- 2019 – Pulwama Terror Attack
- (Details on Balakot strikes and revocation of Article 370 can be added here.)
📝 UPSC QUICK RECALL:
| Event | Year | Keyword |
|---|---|---|
| 1st War | 1947–48 | UNSC Res 47 |
| Indus Treaty | 1960 | Nehru–Ayub |
| Tashkent | 1966 | Shastri dies |
| Simla Agreement | 1972 | Bilateralism, LoC |
| Brasstacks | 1986 | Military Exercise |
| Pokhran-II | 1998 | Operation Shakti |
| Kargil War | 1999 | Op Vijay, Safed Sagar |
| Doctrine | 2003 | NFU, CMD |
| Uri Strike | 2016 | Precision retaliation |
India's Relations with Neighbors: Key Events
INDIA–BANGLADESH
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Recognition of Bangladesh | India is the first country to recognize Bangladesh post its independence. |
| 1974 | Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) signed | First LBA signed for boundary settlement. |
| 1996 | Ganga Waters Treaty | A 30-year water-sharing agreement at Farakka Barrage. |
| 2015 | LBA comes into force | India transfers 111 enclaves, receives 51; enabled by 100th Amendment Act. |
INDIA–AFGHANISTAN
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Strategic Partnership Agreement | SPA signed to strengthen bilateral relations. |
| 2016 | Development Partnership | India constructs Afghan Parliament and Salma Dam. |
| 2021 | Taliban Takeover | Taliban regains power; Afghanistan renamed Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. |
| 2021 | Operation Devi Shakti | India evacuates citizens after Taliban takeover via IAF, MEA efforts. |
INDIA–NEPAL
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Treaty of Peace and Friendship | Foundation of India-Nepal Special Relations. |
| 1996 | Mahakali Treaty | Agreement over boundary river Mahakali. |
| 1997 | BIMSTEC Formation | Nepal joins in 2004. |
| 2015 | BBIN Initiative & Operation Maitri | BBIN launched; India extends $1B post-earthquake assistance. |
| 2020 | Kalapani Border Dispute | Nepal issues new map, claims Kalapani, Susta, Lipulekh. |
INDIA–BHUTAN
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Treaty of Friendship | Framework for bilateral ties; renewed in 2007. |
| 1968 | Diplomatic Relations Established | First formal diplomatic ties. |
| 2021 | BHIM App Adoption | First neighboring nation to adopt BHIM app. |
| - | Hydropower Cooperation | Core pillar of India–Bhutan development partnership. |
INDIA–MYANMAR
| Project/Engagement | Description |
|---|---|
| Multilateral Platforms | Engages via BIMSTEC, ASEAN, MGC. |
| Kaladan MMTP | Links Kolkata to Sittwe, then to NE India via Kaladan River. |
| India-Myanmar-Thailand Highway | Connects Moreh to Mae Sot, aims to boost connectivity with ASEAN. |
INDIA–SRI LANKA
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1956–1970 | Tamil Discrimination | Sinhala-only Act and other exclusionary laws. |
| 1975 | LTTE Formation | Founded by Prabhakaran. |
| 1983–2009 | Civil War | Conflict between LTTE and Sri Lankan govt. |
| 1987 | Indo-SL Peace Accord | Signed by Rajiv Gandhi & Jayewardene. |
| 1987 | IPKF Sent | India's first interventionist operation. |
| 1987 | Operation Pawan | Indian Army captures Jaffna from LTTE. |
| 1990 | IPKF Withdrawal | Ordered by V.P. Singh govt. |
| 1991 | Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi | By LTTE suicide bomber. |
| 2009 | End of Civil War | LTTE defeated. |
| 2017 | Hambantota Port to China | Leased for 99 years - example of Debt Trap Diplomacy. |
| 2022 | Economic Crisis | India provides $3 billion aid. |
| Ongoing | Fishermen Detention | Cross-border fishing conflicts in Palk Strait continue. |
INDIA–MALDIVES
| Year | Event | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1976 | Maritime Boundary Treaty | Minicoy Island issue resolved. |
| 1988 | Operation Cactus | India thwarts coup attempt, reinforces strategic trust. |
| - | “India First” Policy | Maldives’ declared foreign policy prioritizing ties with India. |